Almoravid dynasty (v.1060-1147) Almoravids.

Almoravid dynasty (v.1060-1147) Almoravids.


Map of the empire of the Almoravids
The Almoravids came from the Berber tribes of Sanhadjas Lamtounas and Guzzalas that nomadic in the Sahara desert between the Mauritanian Adrar and Tafilalet30, 31.32. These warrior tribes are structured in a powerful religious movement, led by the preacher Ibn Abdullah Yassin. Their goal is to bring the Sunni Maliki rite to the fullest extent of the Muslim West (Al-Andalus and North Africa) 32. Just their name and their al-Murabitoun, that is to say fighters Ribat, a stronghold of the holy war against their enemies drawn animists. The Almoravids were victorious in their war against the kingdoms of Tekrour black and Ghana. They seize and Ghana and its capital Aoudaghost, with all the gold produced by this country and come back to the caravan routes to the north, in the years to Tafilalet 1050, where they put an end to the existence the kingdom of Sijilmassa. Their heads are successively Abu Bakr Ibn Omar Youssef Ibn al Lamtouni then Tachfin32.
The war between the Almoravids and Zenetes. Banu Ifren Maghraoua and then lose all power after the victory of the Almoravids. This is Youssef Ibn Tachfin who founded Marrakech in 1062, initially single nomad camp destined to become the capital of an empire. The Almoravids are disappearing in the areas they control all the doctrines they suspect of heresy. Thus they suppress Shi'ism in the Souss and they destroy the kingdom that flourished Berghouata in the central plains of Tamesna (corresponding to the current regions Doukkala-Abda and Mpumalanga) and Tadla. Throughout the Almoravids impose the strictest Sunni Maliki, as taught by the theological schools of Medina and Kairouan. This unification of two religious political unification. The Almoravids and extend their conquests until the central Maghreb, bordering the kingdom Hammadid.
In 1086, Youssef Ibn Tachfin called by the kings of the Taifa Al Andalus, crossed the Straits of Gibraltar at the head of his forces composed of Saharan nomads and warriors Sanhadjas African Bilad as-Sudan, and thus able to break the offensive of the King of Castile Alfonso VI Zallaqa (Battle of Sagrajas). The Almoravids put an end to the reign of wrens, exiled Emir of Seville Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid and that of Granada, Abdullah bin Bologhin to Aghmat near Marrakech. They unify and Al-Andalus, which is incorporated into their empire from 1090. However, they fail to recover Toledo fell to the Castilians in 1085. Youssef Ibn Tachfin, who took the title of Emir of Muslims (but not the caliph, considering the privilege vested in the Abbasids) rule on a geopolitical entity stretching from Senegal to the edge of the Pyrenees and the Atlantic coast until 'in Algiers.


Christian and Muslim troops in Al-Andalus under the Almoravids


Interior view of the dome Almoravid Qubbat Barudiyin (1120) to Marrakech
The Almoravid domination is manifested by a symbiosis identities Andalusian-Maghreb and West Sahara, paving the way for the emergence of a Moorish civilization. Buildings remaining in Marrakesh, Tlemcen and Algiers thus show a strong influence of Andalusian art school (legacy Umayyad and Taifa) adapted to the taste Berber. In the economic sphere, the Almoravid state is distinguished by its control flow of gold, which controls the production areas and routes, Ghana the Mediterranean. The gold dinar Almoravid marabotin called, runs on all major commercial markets as currency.
After the death of Ibn Youssef Tachfin in 1106, his son Ali Ben Youssef succède32 him, but the dynasty is already challenged both in Spain and Africa. The ruling family is indeed taste the pleasures and delights of refined court life. At the same time, people undergo rigorous dictatorship cadis Maliki and abuses of local military leaders who exercise their origin Sanhadja command from Moroccan and Andalusian cities. Such a situation encourages widespread discontent across the great Almoravid kingdom.


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Umayyads, Fatimids and factions Zenata

Umayyads, Fatimids and factions Zenata (tenth and eleventh century)
Main articles: Meknassas, Maghraoua, Ifrenides, and Fatimid Caliphate of Córdoba.


Fatimid caliphate in its maximum extension at the end of the tenth century


Abd al-Rahman III, the Umayyad Caliph Al-Andalus, the implacable enemy of the Fatimids in North Africa
In 920 an army in the service of the Fatimids led by ibn Habbous Messala, Emir of Meknassas and Tahert governor, invaded Morocco and Fez takes, subjecting the King Yahia Idrisid IV22. The advent of Hasan al-Hajjam 925 Morocco sees the emancipation of the Fatimids before it falls back into their hands, 927, 937 and up. Idrissids, however, fail to reunify their kingdom fell to Zenata tribes.
In 932, the Idrissides lose the benefit of Tlemcen Meknassas on behalf of the Fatimids Caliphs. The city will remain in the hands of the Fatimids until 955, when it was taken by the troops Umayyad avnt falling to the Fatimids in 973.
The middle of the tenth century, from their stronghold of Hajar Annasr the Idrissides no control over the north-western countries23, 24.
In 974, Umayyad intervention removes the Idrissides independent and made their vassals. In 977, it is through their Zirid vassals led by Bologhine ibn Ziri, the Fatimids try again to conquer Morocco, advancing up the peninsula tingitaine, however, they are forced to retreat before the Umayyad army came from Andalusia demand Maghraouas25.
From 985, when the destruction of the last core state Idrisid by the Umayyads, Morocco is controlled by Meknassas the Maghraoua and Ifrenides whose allegiances oscillate between the Fatimid caliphs and Cordoba. Zenata three factions came into conflict against each other, alternately exercise command in Fez, while Ifrenides advance to the territory of Berghouatas26.
Until the mid-eleventh century, and Reunification by the Almoravids, Morocco is shared between different tribal groups Zenata, fighting both against each other and against Sanhajas, this instability does not allow any of these three tribes establish a dynasty lasting.



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The story begins Idrissides

The story begins Idrissides, when Shiite Arab prince of the family of Ali (the fourth Caliph of Islam), Idris Ibn 'Abd Allah al-Kamil and his freedman Ben Rachid El Morched Koreichi, took refuge in the Middle Atlas. Fleeing the threat of the Abbasids (who had massacred Alides and their supporters in the Shiite battle Fakh near Mecca), they stay in Egypt before moving to Walilah (Volubilis) under the protection of the Berber tribe Awarbas. Managing to rally the tribes to his cause, Imam Idriss is invested and founded the city of Fez in 789 under the name of Idris I. This is the beginning of the dynasty Idrissides.


Al Qaraouiyyine Fes, home to a university founded in the ninth century under the reign of Idrissides
Idris I is assassinated by an emissary of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in Baghdad, a Zindhi Sulayman al. Not suspecting that the wife of Idris I (Kenza) is pregnant, Haroun al-Rashid believes that the threat of the emergence of a power Alid west of the Maghreb is conquered. But a few months later, born Idris II. His education was entrusted to the freedman of his father Rashid who provides a kind of regency. Eleven years later, he was proclaimed Imam believers of Fez. Over time, his wisdom and direction for state policy, he managed to unite most of the tribes, the number of his followers increased and the power of his army now work (in which engage Kaisites from of the northern tribes of the Arabian Peninsula) develops. The kingdom Idrisid and includes any portion of territory extending from east to Tlemcen Souss Gharb south and west. It seems that Idrisid dynasty, at least in its early stages, has professed the Shia and more specifically zaïdisme, reputed to be the most moderate chiites17 rites. Idrissid successive princes pass quickly however Sunnism.
Feeling cramped Walilah Idriss II left the ancient Roman city to Fez, where he founded Kairouan district on the left bank (Idris I had settled on the right bank, the Andalusian quarter). Kairouan is the powerful families from Eastern Arab and Arab-Persian (from Khorasan) established Ifriqya from the Abbasid era. They were expelled from Kairouan because of political persecution that they inflict Aghlabids. Andalusians who settled in Fez are in turn opponents of Umayyad Cordoba from the suburbs (including the suburb of Rabad, hence the name Rabadis assigned to elements of the first wave of immigration from Al -Andalus) 18. The kingdom knows Idrisid generally an important phase of urbanization, illustrated by the creation of new towns like Sale, Wazzequr and Basra, the latter inspired by the Basra Iraq. These urban centers are hotbeds of diffusion of Arab culture and Islam vectors.
At the same time, the Vikings came from Scandinavia and the far conducted by Hastings and Prince Swedish Björn Ironside, attracted by the wealth potential and potential around the Strait of Gibraltar and the Western Mediterranean, are distinguished by their devastating raids on the coasts northern Morocco (especially in areas of Asilah and Nador) 19. The Andalusian historian and geographer Al-Bakri designate the Viking invaders by the term "Majus" and chronicling their abuses particularly against the Emirate of Nekor in Rif20.
In 985, the Idrissides lose political power in Morocco and massively exiled Al-Andalus. Installed in Malaga, they gradually recover their power, to the point of generating a dynasty during the Taifa era, the Hammudites. The latter argue even function in Cordoba Caliphate instead fallen in Umayyad 101,621.